BI 231 Human Anatomy and Physiology 1

Lecture Hours: 3
Lab Hours: 3
Credits: 4

The first of a three-term sequence in-depth examination of human form and function. Includes tissues and the integumentary, skeletal, and nervous systems. Also includes an examination of articulations.

Prerequisite: Placement into WR 115 (or higher), or completion of WR 090 (or higher); and completion of BI 112 with a grade of C or better; or consent of instructor.
Student Learning Outcomes:

Analyze fundamental scientific concepts, models and theories related to the integumentary, skeletal and nervous systems.
Apply knowledge to solve problems, investigate information and draw conclusions about the function of the integumentary, skeletal and nervous systems.
Understand the structure and operation of the integumentary, skeletal and nervous system through lecture and laboratory study.
Identify gross and histologic structures of the integumentary, skeletal, and nervous systems
Connect the structure and function of the integumentary, skeletal and nervous systems to everyday activities and situations.
Recognize homeostasis as an essential aspect of wellness from the cellular to organismal level.

Statewide General Education Outcomes

Gather, comprehend, and communicate scientific and technical information in order to explore ideas, models, and solutions and generate further questions.

Apply scientific and technical modes of inquiry, individually, and collaboratively, to critically evaluate existing or alternative explanations, solve problems, and make evidence-based decisions in an ethical manner.

Assess the strengths and weaknesses of scientific studies and critically examine the influence of scientific and technical knowledge on human society and the environment.

Content Outline

Levels of Organization
- Introduction
  - body organization
  - basic anatomical terminology
  - homeostasis: features, components, examples
- Class fundamentals (review of major BI 112 concepts as needed)
  - Chemistry
    - atoms and molecules
      - describe subatomic particles, atoms, elements, molecules, compounds
      - use and understanding of periodic table in conjunction with atomic and molecular properties
      - chemical bonding
    - pH
    - biological macromolecules
    - energy transfer and ATP
  - Cells
    - general organization and function of cells and organelles
    - membranes and membrane transport
    - concentration, diffusion, and osmosis
    - cell cycle
    - respiration (basic)
    - cell communication
Tissues
- major tissue classes & features
- specific tissues: name, location, function, characteristics
- embryonic tissues
- cell junctions
- growth, repair, and degeneration
- membranes
Integumentary System
- structural composition & physiology
- cutaneous glands & skin structures
- burns, disorders & wound repair
Skeleton System
- structural composition and ossification
- physiology of osseous tissue
- disorders and clinical applications
- articulations
  - structural type and function of major joints.
  - joint disorders = arthritis, sprains, knee injury.
Nervous Tissues
- neurons & glia:  structure, functions
- electrophysiology of neurons- membrane potentials, action potentials, propagation, saltatory conduction
- synapses: physiology, neurotransmitters, EPSP/IPSP distinctions

Central nervous system (CNS)
- cerebrospinal fluid flow, meninges, and ventricles
- brain landmarks & their function
  - hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
  - medulla, pons, cerebellum, mesencephalon, diencephalon, cerebral cortex
  - integrative functions of the brain- RAS, basal nuclei, limbic system
  - cranial nerves: name, number, type, innervation, clinical significance.
- spinal cord
  - structure - major tracts and decussation of each.
  - major spinal nerves & plexi
  - physiology of reflexes
- Autonomic nervous system
  - general properties and effects
  - sympathetic and parasympathetic comparisons- fibers, neurotransmitters, receptors, enzyme degradation, divergence.
- Senses
  - sensory receptors-intero-, extero-, noci-, baro-, mechano-, photo-, chemo-
  - structure and basic physiology for olfaction, taste, vision, hearing, balance.
  - disorders of vision, equilibrium, hearing.
Labs
- body organization, terminology & cell review
- histology: microscope identification of histology
- integument & general senses
- bone tissues and skeletal terminology
- the skeleton (axial, appendicular)
- articulations
- neuron structure & spinal cords, reflexes
- brain and brain dissection
- vision, equilibrium, and hearing: anatomy & testing